我县医药购销领域商业贿赂犯罪防治浅析

　　医疗腐败是当前的社会热点问题，医疗腐败不仅损害了国家的利益，更直接损害了广大消费者的合法利益。据统计，2003年以来，我县检察机关共依法查处医药领域商业贿赂犯罪案件7件 7人，约占所查办商业贿赂犯罪案件总数（28件28人）的16%。这说明商业贿赂在我县卫生系统呈现多发高发的态势已不容勿视。因此，研究医药领域商业贿赂犯罪的特点及产生的原因，探索防治的策略，对控制和减少医药领域商业贿赂犯罪、保障消费者的合法利益及社会的和谐与稳定，推进我县卫生事业健康发展，具有重大意义。
　　一、医药购销领域商业贿赂犯罪的特征。
　　1、隐蔽性强。实际操作中，药品和医疗器材购销渠道单一，缺乏价格透明度和公开的竞争环境，多数为供货方主动上门推销，通过秘密的方式向个人或单位支付财物，其所支付的金额款项通常以伪造财务会计帐薄等非法形式进行掩盖。这便形成主管领导或负责采购的人员与销售人员间的“单线联系”，少数腐败分子乘机“暗箱操作”，在上项目和大额购销活动中进行幕后交易，从中收受贿赂。
　　2、目的明确化。供销商暗中给予医疗单位或者个人财物或者其他利益，目的是希望获取交易机会，从而将自己的药品、医疗器材“打进去”销售，或者通过“二次促销”给予某些医务人员“回扣费”，以提高药品销售量。
　　3、手段多样化。随着社会经济的发展和查处力度的加大，商业贿赂的花样不断翻新。供销商通常以财物或者其他手段贿赂对方单位或者个人。如给付对方单位或者个人货币现金、有价证券、物品、礼品、佣金、“赞助费”等；为对方单位中的有关人员提供国内外各种名义的旅游、考察等等。
　　4、窝案串案多。医药购销领域业务范围广，涉及部门多，呈网络分布，一旦有犯罪发生，往往是窝案串案。涉案人员往往是一把手、主管领导、药事委员会成员、采购员、主治医生等。如2005年，我院查处的原县医院院长杨某、副院长赖某、药品采购员吴某就是典型的受贿窝案。
　　二、医药购销领域商业贿赂犯罪产生的成因。
　　1、利益驱动，见利忘义。少数医务人员，看到在改革大潮中有人大把赚钱，生活奢侈，而自己辛辛苦苦工作多年，却不如人家一笔生意赚得多，导致明显的心理失衡，部分意志薄弱者，从此放松世界观改造，抵不住诱惑，经不起考验，偏离了人生追求的轨道，成为金钱的“奴隶”。另方面，许多药品和医疗器械的生产企业将贿赂视为必要的业务费用，营销人员的工资、奖金与个人销售额直接挂钩，导致营销人员不择手段拉拢、贿赂有关人员。在金钱面前，少数医务人员的职业道德逐渐丧失，养成了不给钱不办事，多给钱多办事，甚至主动索取贿赂的恶习，把职权变成了摇钱树。
　　2、滥用优势。医药行业的特殊性是产生医药购销领域商业贿赂的根本原因。首先，我国长期以来施行“医药不分家”的模式，在制度上“以药养医”为医生利用诊疗过程中的处方权收取药品回扣创造了条件。其次，医患双方信息不对称，在诊疗过程中，病人对于医学知识的缺乏使得其在治疗各个环节都只能听从于医生。因此，用什么药、用多少药完全取决于医生的处方，医生完全可以选择价格高、回扣多的药品。加上有些医院施行的奖励机制往往以医生业务过程中所开的处方数挂钩，按月结算奖金，更使多数医生开“回扣药”。
　　3、管理机制不完善。我国目前处于经济转轨时期，医疗卫生管理机制不完善，相配套的法律法规的制定以及调控手段还不健全，在某种程度上为卫生系统一些腐败现象的发生提供了权钱交易的方便。最明显的就是药品、医疗器械经销市场不完善，招标体制不规范，流于形式，特别是药品、医疗器械招标的范围和地域较小，造成了采购环节上的普遍行贿受贿。目前我市药品的集中招标制度，使药品中标定价与实际成本有一定的差距，就是说利润空间较大，医药经营商完全可以降低中标定价暗中与购进单位特别是跟标卫生医院进行议价交易，这就给购与供双方创造了贿赂条件。
　　4、监督机制不健全、不落实。从查处的案件看，涉案单位在机制建设上，存在一手硬、一手软的现象，业务工作方面都有一套比较完善的规章制度，但纪律作风、廉政建设方面的监督制约机制比较薄弱，缺乏切实有效的监督、约束。一是因药品、医疗器械经销市场不完善，招标体制不规范，容易形成“暗箱操作”，使有监督职责的部门、人员无法实施监督；二是心术不正者在药品、器械采购中，以亲自把关、实地考察、调查摸底等借口，挖空心思创造单独与对方洽谈业务的环境，有意逃避有效监督。三是庞大的系统导致主管部门“心有余而力不足”，想监督又监督不了。
　　三、医药购销领域商业贿赂犯罪的防治策略
　　在现有招投标体制的情况下，作为县级卫生系统只能参照执行，为有效地防治我县医药购销领域商业贿赂的发生，要结合实际做好如下工作。
　　1、强化教育，提高医务工作者的素质。一是加强党的宗旨教育，按照“三个代表”重要思想的要求，牢固树立医务工作人员正确的世界观、人生观、价值观，树立全心全意为人民服务的思想，提高免疫力，严格自律、自重、自省、自警、自励，自觉抵制权钱交易等腐朽思想的侵蚀。二是加强廉政教育。在整个行业大力倡导端正的医德医风，教育广大医务工作者要以党和人民利益为重，廉洁行医，恪守“救死扶伤、治病救人”职业宗旨，杜绝收受红包、回扣、提成等有损“白衣天使”形象的不廉行为，切实纠正医疗服务中的不正之风。三是加强法制教育。在抓好业务学习的同时，重点加强对领导干部和重要岗位人员的法纪教育，筑牢思想防线，严格依法办事，避免“失足成恨”的悲剧上演。
2、完善管理制度，规范医疗服务行为。建立健全内部自律机制，发现问题及时纠正；修订完善有关医药购销和管理的规章制度，从源头上预防商业贿赂行为的产生。一是健全财务管理制度，加大资金监管，规范医院的收支管理。要大胆探索改革医院的运行机制和完善医务人员收入分配制度，将工作岗位、工作技术和风险程度、工作数量、服务质量与效率、医德医风等作为分配要素纳入目标考核体系，建立医务人员收入不直接与医疗收费直接挂钩的分配制度。严查和杜绝科室承包、收入分成、小金库等违规行为。建立医务人员医德医风考评档案制度、医院目标管理考核制度以及班子考核管理制度。二是认真推行和完善院务公开制度。采取多种形式，全面、及时、真实向社会公开医疗服务项目及收费标准、药品及医用耗材价格、医疗服务流程等；健全并严格执行住院费用清单制度和费用查询制度，增加收费透明度，以尊重群众的知情权和监督权。三是完善用药管理规章，规范用药行为。要制定用药知情同意制度，公布药品价格，在不影响疗效的情况下，列出一部分药品供患者自己选择；对群众反映不良的医务人员，要及时批评教育，防微杜渐，防患于未然，从而建立起良好的用药秩序。四是严格处方管理，加强处方监督。要针对各科室的特点，建立一套有效的监督机制，药事领导小组可以抽调专家成员定期、不定期对处方进行随机抽查，对出现大处方要及时分析，要求开方医生说明情况；对滥用高价药品的违规人员，要严肃处理；每月对用药量大的用药人和药品进行公布，请医生及群众监督。
　　3、明确行业规则，规范药品采购操作程序。首先要严格执行药品、医疗器械、医用耗材、医用试剂等的集中采购招标制度，对列入招标采购范围的药品、器材等要100%实行集中招标采购，推进和完善“新药购进阳光工程”。要充分发挥药事领导小组的作用，在药品、器材采购中要本着公正、公平、公开，为患者考虑和服务的宗旨，增强采购透明度。在采购药品时，随机抽调人员组成临时药事领导小组，并邀请医院纪检、行风办有关人员参与监督，将药品回扣拒之院外。其次要坚持医院用药申请制度。“新特药”由医院各科室集体研究提出申请，常规药品均由医院药剂科集体研究决定，拟出购药计划，统一汇总提交医院药事领导小组讨论决定。第三，在药事领导小组的成员中，吸收有中、高级职称的医生参与，扩大药事领导小组组织，并实行药品采购部门人员轮岗制。第四，预防关口前移，推行医务人员廉政承诺制。主管机关可与各医疗下属单位签订《拒绝医药购销商业贿赂承诺书》，各医疗单位与药品经营企业签订《药品购销廉洁协议书》，院方与医务人员可签订廉政承诺书，明确廉政责任，自觉抵制贿赂犯罪。
　　4、创新监督制约机制，加强自身的管理与监督。进一步完善纠正医药购销领域中的不正之风的监督制约机制。以完善的制度，加强内涵建设，规范医院管理，形成按制度办事、靠制度管人的机制。要加强对药品采购、高精尖设备购置、临床新技术应用等项目的科学监管，将医院的科学管理变成工作的常态，从而形成行风工作的长效机制。建立纪检监察联络员制度，在各医疗单位任命二名以上政治素质较高、富有正义感的医务人员为纪检监察联络员，付于其职责和权力，加强对所在单位的领导、药事领导小组成员、采购员等在药品、医疗设备购销环节的监督，对主治医生收受药品回扣的监督，使局机关更好地掌握了解基层单位的情况，以拓宽监督渠道。
　　5、惩防并举，积极营造良好的法治环境。检察机关要切实履行法律赋予的职能，积极运用严厉打击这一预防措施中最有效、最有力度的手段，对医药领域商业贿赂犯罪案件依法严厉查处，达到办理一案、教育一片的效果，充分发挥打击犯罪过程中所蕴涵的预防功能。同时，将结合执法办案，积极开展职务犯罪预防工作，用医疗卫生行业中的典型案例，以案释法，广泛开展法制宣传和警示教育。要加强调查研究工作，针对新形势下医药领域商业贿赂犯罪的特点和规律。要充分发挥社会化大预防网络的作用，形成上下联动、左右互动、齐抓共管的工作局面，积极营造良好的法治环境，有效地遏制医药领域商业贿赂犯罪的发生。（广东省五华县人民检察院：彭　宙　魏京宁）
国务院


中华人民共和国海洋倾废管理条例(附英文)

1985年3月6日，国务院

第一条 为实施《中华人民共和国海洋环境保护法》，严格控制向海洋倾倒废弃物，防止对海洋环境的污染损害，保持生态平衡，保护海洋资源，促进海洋事业的发展，特制定本条例。
第二条 本条例中的“倾倒”，是指利用船舶、航空器、平台及其他载运工具，向海洋处置废弃物和其他物质；向海洋弃置船舶、航空器、平台和其他海上人工构造物，以及向海洋处置由于海底矿物资源的勘探开发及与勘探开发相关的海上加工所产生的废弃物和其他物质。
“倾倒”不包括船舶、航空器及其他载运工具和设施正常操作产生的废弃物的排放。
第三条 本条例适用于：
一、向中华人民共和国的内海、领海、大陆架和其他管辖海域倾倒废弃物和其他物质；
二、为倾倒的目的，在中华人民共和国陆地或港口装载废弃物和其他物质；
三、为倾倒的目的，经中华人民共和国的内海、领海及其他管辖海域运送废弃物和其他物质；
四、在中华人民共和国管辖海域焚烧处置废弃物和其他物质。
海洋石油勘探开发过程中产生的废弃物，按照《中华人民共和国海洋石油勘探开发环境保护管理条例》的规定处理。
第四条 海洋倾倒废弃物的主管部门是中华人民共和国国家海洋局及其派出机构（简称“主管部门”，下同）。
第五条 海洋倾倒区由主管部门商同有关部门，按科学、合理、安全和经济的原则划出，报国务院批准确定。
第六条 需要向海洋倾倒废弃物的单位，应事先向主管部门提出申请，按规定的格式填报倾倒废弃物申请书，并附报废弃物特性和成分检验单。
主管部门在接到申请书之日起两个月内予以审批。对同意倾倒者应发给废弃物倾倒许可证。
任何单位和船舶、航空器、平台及其他载运工具，未依法经主管部门批准，不得向海洋倾倒废弃物。
第七条 外国的废弃物不得运至中华人民共和国管辖海域进行倾倒，包括弃置船舶、航空器、平台和其他海上人工构造物。违者，主管部门可责令其限期治理，支付清除污染费，赔偿损失，并处以罚款。
在中华人民共和国管辖海域以外倾倒废弃物，造成中华人民共和国管辖海域污染损害的，按本条例第十七条规定处理。
第八条 为倾倒的目的，经过中华人民共和国管辖海域运送废弃物的任何船舶及其他载运工具，应当在进入中华人民共和国管辖海域十五天之前，通报主管部门，同时报告进入中华人民共和国管辖海域的时间、航线、以及废弃物的名称、数量及成分。
第九条 外国籍船舶、平台在中华人民共和国管辖海域，由于海底矿物资源的勘探开发及与勘探开发相关的海上加工所产生的废弃物和其他物质需要向海洋倾倒的，应按规定程序报经主管部门批准。
第十条 倾倒许可证应注明倾倒单位、有效期限和废弃物的数量、种类、倾倒方法等事项。
签发许可证应根据本条例的有关规定严格控制。主管部门根据海洋生态环境的变化和科学技术的发展，可以更换或撒销许可证。
第十一条 废弃物根据其毒性、有害物质含量和对海洋环境的影响等因素，分为三类。其分类标准，由主管部门制定。主管部门可根据海洋生态环境的变化，科学技术的发展，以及海洋环境保护的需要，对附件进行修订。
一、禁止倾倒附件一所列的废弃物及其他物质（见附件一）。当出现紧急情况，在陆地上处置会严重危及人民健康时，经国家海洋局批准，获得紧急许可证，可到指定的区域按规定的方法倾倒。
二、倾倒附件二所列的废弃物（见附件二），应当事先获得特别许可证。
三、倾倒未列入附件一和附件二的低毒或无毒的废弃物，应当事先获得普通许可证。
第十二条 获准向海洋倾倒废弃物的单位在废弃物装载时，应通知主管部门予以核实。
核实工作按许可证所载的事项进行。主管部门如发现实际装载与许可证所注明内容不符，应责令停止装运；情节严重的，应中止或吊销许可证。
利用船舶倾倒废弃物的，还应通知驶出港或就近的港务监督核实。港务监督如发现实际装载与许可证所注明内容不符，则不予办理签证放行，并及时通知主管部门。
第十三条 主管部门应对海洋倾倒活动进行监视和监督，必要时可派员随航。倾倒单位应为随航公务人员提供方便。
第十四条 获准向海洋倾倒废弃物单位，应当按许可证注明的期限和条件，到指定的区域进行倾倒，如实地详细填写倾倒情况记录表，并按许可证注明的要求，将记录表报送主管部门。倾倒废弃物的船舶、航空器、平台和其他载运工具应有明显标志和信号，并在航行日志上详细记录倾
倒情况。
第十五条 倾倒废弃物的船舶、航空器、平台和其他载运工具，凡属《中华人民共和国海洋环境保护法》第四十三条规定的情形，可免于承担赔偿责任。
为紧急避险或救助人命，未按许可证规定的条件和区域进行倾倒时，应尽力避免或减轻因倾倒而造成的污染损害，并在事后尽快向主管部门报告。倾倒单位和紧急避险或救助人命的受益者，应对由此所造成的污染损害进行补偿。
由于第三者的过失造成污染损害的，倾倒单位应向主管部门提出确凿证据，经主管部门确认后责令第三者承担赔偿责任。
在海上航行和作业的船舶、航空器、平台和其他载运工具，因不可抗拒的原因而弃置时，其所有人应向主管部门和就近的港务监督报告，并尽快打捞清理。
第十六条 主管部门对海洋倾倒区应定期进行监测，加强管理，避免对渔业资源和其他海上活动造成有害影响。当发现倾倒区不宜继续倾倒时，主管部门可决定予以封闭。
第十七条 对违反本条例，造成海洋环境污染损害的，主管部门可责令其限期治理，支付清除污染费，向受害方赔偿由此所造成的损失，并视情节轻重和污染损害的程度，处以警告或人币十万元以下的罚款。
第十八条 要求赔偿损失的单位和个人，应尽快向主管部门提出污染损害索赔报告书。报告书应包括：受污染损害的时间、地点、范围、对象、损失清单，技术鉴定和公证证明，并尽可能提供有关原始单据和照片等。
第十九条 受托清除污染的单位在作业结束后，应尽快向主管部门提交索取清除污染费用报告书。报告书应包括：清除污染的时间、地点，投入的人力、机具、船只，清除材料的数量、单价、计算方法，组织清除的管理费、交通费及其他有关费用，清除效果及其情况，其他有关证据和证明材料。
第二十条 对违法行为的处罚标准如下：
一、凡有下列行为之一者，处以警告或人民币二千元以下的罚款：
（一）伪造废弃物检验单的；
（二）不按本条例第十四条规定填报倾倒情况记录表的；
（三）在本条例第十五条规定的情况下，未及时向主管部门和港务监督报告的。
二、凡实际装载与许可证所注明内容不符，情节严重的，除中止或吊销许可证外，还可处以人民币二千元以上五千元以下的罚款。
三、凡未按本条例第十二条规定通知主管部门核实而擅自进行倾倒的，可处以人民币五千元以上二万元以下的罚款。
四、凡有下列行为之一者，可处以人民币二万元以上十万元以下的罚款：
（一）未经批准向海洋倾倒废弃物的；
（二）不按批准的条件和区域进行倾倒的，但本条例第十五条规定的情况不在此限。
第二十一条 对违反本条例，造成或可能造成海洋环境污染损害的直接责任人，主管部门可处以警告或者罚款，也可以并处。
对于违反本条倒，污染损害海洋环境造成重大财产损失或致人伤亡的直接责任人，由司法机关依法追究刑事责任。
第二十二条 当事人对主管部门的处罚决定不服的，可以在收到处罚通知书之日起十五日内，向人民法院起诉；期满不起诉又不履行处罚决定的，由主管部门申请人民法院强制执行。
第二十三条 对违反本条例，造成海洋环境污染损害的行为，主动检举、揭发，积极提供证据，或采取有效措施减少污染损害有成绩的个人，应给予表扬或奖励。
第二十四条 本条例自一九八五年四月一日起施行。

附件一禁止倾倒的物质
一、含有机卤素化合物、汞及汞化合物、镉及镉化合物的废弃物，但微含量的或能在海水中迅速转化为无害物质的除外。
二、强放射性废弃物及其他强放射性物质。
三、原油及其废弃物、石油炼制品、残油，以及含这类物质的混合物。
四、渔网、绳索、塑料制品及其他能在海面漂浮或在水中悬浮，严重妨碍航行、捕鱼及其他活动或危害海洋生物的人工合成物质。
五、含有本附件第一、二项所列物质的阴沟污泥和疏浚物。

附件二需要获得特别许可证才能倾倒的物质
一、含有下列大量物质的废弃物：
（一）砷及其化合物；
（二）铅及其化合物；
（三）铜及其化合物；
（四）锌及其化合物；
（五）有机硅化合物；
（六）氰化物；
（七）氟化物；
（八）铍、铬、镍、钒及其化合物；
（九）未列入附件一的杀虫剂及其副产品。
但无害的或能在海水中迅速转化为无害物质的除外。
二、含弱放射性物质的废弃物。
三、容易沉入海底，可能严重障碍捕鱼和航行的容器、废金属及其他笨重的废弃物。
四、含有本附件第一、二项所列物质的阴沟污泥和疏浚物。

REGULATIONS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON CONTROL OVERDUMPING OF WASTES IN THE OCEAN

Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民
共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.

Whole Document (法规全文)
REGULATIONS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON CONTROL OVER
DUMPING OF WASTES IN THE OCEAN
(Promulgated by the State Council on March 6, 1985)
Article 1
These Regulations are specially formulated for the implementation of the
"Marine Environmental Protection Law of the People's Republic of China" in
order to keep a tight control over the dumping of wastes into the ocean so
as to prevent pollution damage to marine environment, keep the ecological
balance, protect marine resources, and promote the development of ocean
undertakings.
Article 2
The term "dumping" as used in these Regulations refers to discharging
wastes and other substances into the ocean by means of vessels, aircraft,
platforms and other means of transportation. It also refers to discharge
of vessels, aircraft, platforms and other man-made structures used on the
sea. In addition, it also refers to the discharge of wastes and other
substances caused by the submarine exploration and exploitation of mineral
resources and the related maritime processing.
"Dumping" does not include the drainage from the vessels, aircraft, and
other means of transportation and equipment working under normal
conditions.
Article 3
These Regulations are applicable to the following:
1. dumping wastes and other substances into the inland sea, territorial
sea, continental shelves and other sea areas under the jurisdiction of the
People's Republic of China;
2. loading wastes and other substances on land or at harbours of the
People's Republic of China for the purpose of dumping;
3. the transport of wastes and other substances through the inland sea,
territorial sea and other sea areas under the jurisdiction of the People's
Republic of China for the purpose of dumping;
4. burning wastes and other substances within the sea areas under the
jurisdiction of the People's Republic of China;
The wastes produced in the process of offshore oil exploration and
exploitation shall be dealt with according to the Regulations of the
People's Republic of China on Administration of Environmental Protection
in the Exploration and Development of Offshore Petroleum.
Article 4
The competent departments responsible for matters concerning the dumping
of wastes are the National Oceanographic Bureau and its agencies
(hereinafter referred to as "the competent department").
Article 5
The areas for dumping shall be designated by the competent department
through consultation with relevant departments in accordance with the
principles of being scientific, rational, safe and economical and shall be
submitted to the State Council for approval.
Article 6
Units that need to dump wastes into the ocean shall apply for permission
to the competent department, and fill out according to set formula the
application forms for dumping wastes together with an examination report
on the characteristics and components of the wastes.
The competent department shall process the application within 2 months of
receipt of the application and a dumping permit shall be granted to those
approved to dump. No units, vessels, aircraft, platforms and other means
of transportation are permitted to dump wastes into the ocean without the
approval of the competent department.
Article 7
Wastes of foreign countries may by no means be brought to the sea areas
under the jurisdiction of the People's Republic of China for dumping;
these include vessels, aircraft, platforms and other man-made structure
used on the sea. Those who violate these Regulations shall be ordered to
clean the sea area within a limited time, pay for the elimination of
pollutants and compensation for losses thus incurred and be fined by the
competent department. Those who dump wastes outside the sea areas of the
People's Republic of China and cause pollution damage to the sea areas
under the jurisdiction of the People's Republic of China shall be dealt
with according to Article 17 of these Regulations.
Article 8
Vessels or other means of transportation that carry wastes through the sea
areas under the jurisdiction of the People's Republic of China for dumping
purposes must inform the competent department of China 15 days before the
vessels enter the sea areas under the jurisdiction of the People's
Republic of China.
They are also required to report the time of entry, routes, names of waste
matters, quantities and components.
Article 9
Foreign vessels and platforms in the sea areas of under the jurisdiction
of the People's Republic of China that need to dump wastes produced in the
process of offshore exploration and exploitation of mineral resources and
the related maritime processing shall get permission from the competent
department according to the stipulated procedures.
Article 10
The dumping permit shall indicate dumping units, period of validity,
quantity, the types of wastes and the method for dumping.
The issuing of certificates shall be kept under strict control according
to the relevant provisions of these Regulations. The competent department
may change or withdraw certificates in accordance with the changes in
ecological environment and the development in science and technology.
Article 11
Waste matters fall into three categories in the light of their toxicity,
content of harmful elements and the impact upon the marine environment.
The criteria used for categorization shall be worked out as annex by the
competent department and subject to amendment in the light of changes in
ecological environment, the development in science and technology and the
need in protecting the marine environment.
1. The dumping of wastes and other substances as listed in Annex I is
prohibited. In times of emergency, when wastes cannot be disposed of on
land because of its impact upon human health, emergency permits shall be
issued with the approval of the National Oceanographic Bureau to dump
wastes in prescribed ways and designated areas.
2. The dumping of wastes as listed in Annex II shall require special
permits in advance.
3. The dumping of wastes of low or no toxicity other than those listed in
Annex I and Annex II shall require ordinary permits in advance.
Article 12
Units which have already obtained permission to dump wastes shall notify
the competent department for verification before loading the waste.
The work of verification shall be conducted according to the items in the
permit. If the cargo is found not in conformity with the contents in the
permit, the competent department shall order the loading to be stopped
and, in serious cases, suspend or revoke the dumping permit.
The superintendency of the departure harbour or that of the nearest
harbour shall be notified for verification of the dumping of wastes by
vessels. If the cargo is found not in conformity with the contents in the
permit, the harbour superintendency administration shall not grant the
exit visa and shall immediately notify the competent department.
Article 13
The competent department shall monitor and supervise the dumping
activities. If need be, it may also send agents to supervise on board. The
dumping units shall offer facilitation for these functionaries.
Article 14
Those units with permission to discharge wastes shall carry out dumping in
the designated areas, within the time limits and on the terms specified in
the permit. They are required to fill out every detail of the discharge
into record forms and submit the forms to the competent department
following the instructions in the permit. Those vessels, aircraft,
platforms and other means of transportation shall bear conspicuous marks
and signals and make detailed entries in the Logbook of the waste dumping
activities.
Article 15
The vessels, aircraft, platforms and other means of transportation engaged
in dumping activities may, under any of the circumstances as specified in
Article 43 of the Marine Environmental Protection Law of the People's
Republic of China, be exempt from bearing responsibilities for
compensation.
For emergency or rescue purposes, vessels shall try to avoid or reduce
pollution damage when dumping wastes into ocean with no regard to terms
and areas as specified in the permit and report to the competent
department as soon as possible. The waste pumping unit and beneficiaries
of the emergency or rescue act shall make compensation for the pollution
damage.
If the pollution damage is due to the fault of a third party, the waste
dumping unit shall provide the competent department with irrefutable
evidence. The third party shall bear the responsibility for compensation
upon confirmation by the competent department. When vessels, aircraft,
platforms and other means of transportation navigating or operating on the
sea are abandoned for irresistible reasons, their owners shall report to
the competent department and the nearby harbour superintendency
administrations, and shall carry out at once the work of salvaging and
cleaning.
Article 16
The competent department shall conduct regular monitoring and testing in
the dumping areas, strengthen administration and avoid harmful effect on
fishery resources and other activities on the sea. The competent
departments may close any area when finding it no longer suitable for
waste dumping.
Article 17
Those who, in violation of these Regulations, cause pollution damage to
the marine environment may be ordered by the competent department to clean
up, pay the cost of eliminating the pollutants and compensate for the
victims' losses. A warning or a fine up to 100,000 RMB yuan shall be
imposed according to different situations and the graveness of harm done
by the waste dumping.
Article 18
Units and individuals demanding compensation shall submit a report of
pollution damage claim to the competent department as soon as possible.
The report shall include the time, place, area, object of the damage, list
of losses, technical authentication, and notarization. Relevant original
documents and photos shall be of help.
Article 19
Units entrusted with the job to eliminate pollutants shall, upon
completion of the job, submit a report of claim to the competent
department as soon as possible on expenses on eliminating pollution. The
report shall include time, place, manpower involved, equipment, vessels,
quantity of materials, unit price, methods of calculation, management fee,
transportation fee, other relevant expenses, result, other relevant
evidence and supporting materials.
Article 20
Standards for penalties on law breaking acts:
1. Anyone involved in one of the following acts shall be warned or fined
2,000 RMB yuan or less:
(1) forging inspection reports on wastes;
(2) failure to make waste dumping records according to Article 14 of these
Regulations;
(3) failure to report to the competent department and harbour
superintendency administrations in time under the situation defined in
Article 15 of these Regulations.
2. If the actual cargo does not conform
to the contents in the dumping permit and the case is serious, apart from
suspension or revoking of the permit, a fine ranging from 2,000 to 5,000
RMB yuan may be imposed.
3. Those who dump wastes without informing the competent department for
verification in accordance with Article 12 of these Regulations may be
fined from 5,000 to 20,000 RMB yuan.
4. A fine of 20,000 to 100,000 RMB yuan may be imposed for any of the
following acts:
(1) dumping wastes into the ocean without permission;
(2) failure to dump wastes according to the approved terms and in the
designated areas, excluding circumstances specified in Article 15 of these
Regulations.
Article 21
Those directly responsible for violation of these Regulations which has
caused or is likely to cause pollution damage to the environment may be
given a warning or a fine, or both, by the competent department.
Those directly responsible for violation of these Regulations which has
caused damage to marine environment resulting in serious property losses
or personal injuries and deaths, shall be dealt with by judicial organs
for their legal liabilities.
Article 22
The party concerned that does not accept the penalty imposed by the
competent department may bring a suit before the people's court within 15
days of receipt of the written decision on the penalty. If no suit is
filed, nor has the decision been carried out upon the expiration of that
period, the competent department shall petition the people's court to
enforce the decision in accordance with the law.
Article 23
Those who, on their own initiative, expose, report on and provide
evidences against acts that have violated these Regulations and caused
pollution damage to marine environment, or who have done meritorious deeds
by taking effective measures to reduce pollution damage shall be commended
or awarded.
Article 24
These Regulations shall come into force on April 1, 1985.

Annex I Substances Forbidden to be Dumped
1. Wastes containing halogen element and its compounds, chemical compounds
mercury, mercury compound, cadmium and cadmium compounds are forbidden;
but negligible content or that which soon changes into harmless substance
in the sea water are excluded.
2. Wastes with strong radioactivity and other substances that are strongly
radio active.
3. Crude oil and oil waste, refined oil products, residual oil and such
oil mixtures.
4. Fishing net, ropes, plastic products and other artificial synthesis
which can float on the surface or suspend in the water; and thus seriously
affect navigation, fishing and other activities endanger the ocean life.
5. Sewer mud and dredged stuff containing substances as listed in 1 and 2
of this Annex.

Annex II Substances to be Dumped only with Special Permits
1. Wastes that have a high content of the following substances:
(1) arsenic and its chemical compounds;
(2) lead and its chemical compounds;
(3) copper and its chemical compounds;
(4) zinc and its chemical compounds;
(5) chemical compounds of organic silicon;
(6) cyanides;
(7) fluorine chemicals;
(8) beryllium, chromium, nickel, vanadium and their chemical compounds;
(9) pesticides and their by-products which are not listed in Annex I,
excluding those which are harmless or can soon dissolve into harmless
substances in the sea.
2. Wastes that contain weak radioactive matters.
3. Containers, waste metals and other heavy waste materials that will
easily sink to the bottom of the sea and might seriously hinder fishing or
navigation.
4. Sewer mud and dredged stuff containing substances listed in 1 and 2 of
this Annex.